In the global energy transition, green hydrogen serves as a key enabler for achieving carbon neutrality in steel and chemical industries. However, green hydrogen systems face challenges including renewable energy volatility, multi-timescale coupling, and safety risks. By leveraging wind, PV, storage, and other equipment models from the iEnergyModel simulation library alongside hydrogen modules, we construct a real-time simulation and HIL testing platform for the full green electricity-hydrogen-ammonia production chain, supporting off-grid hydrogen production and mega-base scenario simulations. Typical system architecture and key equipment are shown in the figure below.

Under the "dual carbon" goals, the large-scale grid integration of renewable energy introduces volatility and intermittency, challenging the stable operation of power systems. With significant differences in time scales and complex energy coupling across multi-energy systems, traditional offline simulations struggle to replicate real system characteristics and hardware-in-the-loop testing.

By leveraging wind, PV, storage, and other equipment models from the iEnergyModel simulation library and incorporating thermal modules, we build an integrated source-grid-load-storage real-time simulation and HIL testing platform for renewable-coupled thermal energy systems, supporting park-level and mega-base scenario simulations.

The Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) has established a photovoltaic inverter test system based on an SPS linear amplifier, capable of directly testing 350 kW mediumscale photovoltaic inverters. Physical images of some of the system cabinets are shown below:

The real-time grid simulator (RTNS) at Newcastle University's Smart Grid Laboratory utilizes models capable of interacting with the actual lab environment to conduct comprehensive realtime simulations of power grids. After integrating Triphase power amplifiers, the research methodology shifted directly from traditional HIL to PHIL (PowerHardwareintheLoop). The realtime grid simulation model can be linked via a digital interface to a threephase fourquadrant variable frequency drive capable of delivering controllable voltage waveforms and timing signals. This enables interaction between real lowvoltage grid equipment under test and the largescale grid model simulated by the realtime grid simulator, making it possible to conduct complex studies on various capabilities of future grid technologies.

Based on the Windows platform, EMTP-RV is a new generation graphical electromagnetic simulation software. This software has been widely adopted by numerous power companies in Europe and North America. This case study presents the application of EMTP-RV in assisting Bombardier Inc. of Canada to conduct in-depth research on the performance of the main power supply protection system in locomotive traction systems.

At the Valeo R&D center in Créteil, France, developing and testing new algorithms and control strategies previously required a physical prototype test bench. This approach was costly and timeconsuming, as it typically involved writing and executing extensive computer code, while also demanding programming expertise from the development engineers. Due to limited flexibility, engineers were unable to adjust or modify control loops in a timely manner, making troubleshooting more difficult.